| Description |
1 online resource |
| Summary |
CARBON ALLOTROPES and COMPOSITES The book discusses the most recent developments and trends in the use of carbon allotropes and their composites for environmental restoration and protection including synthesis, characterization and applications. Due to their huge surface area and numerous other distinguishing characteristics, nanostructure materials are widely used in a variety of applications. The production of substrates for better environmental protection and cleanup has been prompted by these qualities. They offer a superior surface for the adsorption of impurities and pollutants that contaminate industrial eff luents, wastewater, air, and soil. These all include a variety of harmful environmental substances such as toxic metals, phenolic compounds, dyes, and other substances that must be treated appropriately before being released into the environment. Composites made of highly efficient and relatively noble carbon allotropes are attracting significant attention for environmental protection and restoration. The use of carbon allotropes offers many benefits, including low cost, low toxicity, simple manufacture, and high efficiency. Therefore, they are ideal replacements for previously established materials. Carbon Allotropes and Composites is one of the first books on carbon allotropes and their composites in environmental protection and remediation, and features a description of CO2 capturing capability. Audience The book is designed for a broad audience working in the fields of materials science and engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environmental chemistry, environmental science, etc. |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
| Contents |
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Preparation of Carbon Allotropes Using Different Methods -- Abbreviations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis Methods -- 1.2.1 Synthesis of CNTs -- 1.2.1.1 Arc Discharge Method -- 1.2.1.2 Laser Ablation Method -- 1.2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) -- 1.2.1.4 Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PE-CVD) -- 1.2.2 Synthesis of CQDs -- 1.2.2.1 Arc Discharge -- 1.2.2.2 Laser Ablation -- 1.2.2.3 Acidic Oxidation -- 1.2.2.4 Combustion/Thermal Routes -- 1.2.2.5 Microwave Pyrolysis -- 1.2.2.6 Electrochemistry Method -- 1.2.2.7 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis -- 1.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Carbon Allotrope Composites: Basics, Properties, and Applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Allotropes of Carbon -- 2.3 Basics of Carbon Allotrope Composites and Their Properties -- 2.4 Composites of Graphite or Graphite Oxide (GO) -- 2.4.1 Applications of Graphite Oxide -- 2.5 Composites of Graphene -- 2.5.1 Applications of Graphene Oxide -- 2.6 Composite of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon -- 2.6.1 Applications of Graphite-Carbon Nanotube (Gr-CNT)/Polythene or Silicon -- 2.7 Graphene (or Graphene Oxide)-Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) Composites -- 2.7.1 Applications of CNF Composites -- 2.8 Graphene-Fullerene Composites -- 2.8.1 Applications of Graphene-Fullerene Composites -- 2.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Activation of Carbon Allotropes Through Covalent and Noncovalent Functionalization: Attempts in Modifying Properties for Enhanced Performance -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Carbon Allotropes: Fundamentals and Properties -- 3.1.1.1 Graphite -- 3.1.1.2 Diamond -- 3.1.1.3 Graphene -- 3.1.1.4 Activated Carbon -- 3.1.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerene -- 3.1.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization. |
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3.1.2.1 Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization -- 3.1.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes: Synthesis and Characterization -- 3.2 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Allotropes -- 3.2.1 Biomedical -- 3.2.2 Waste Treatment -- 3.2.3 Pollutants Decontamination -- 3.2.4 Anticorrosive -- 3.2.5 Tribological -- 3.2.6 Catalytic -- 3.2.7 Reinforced Materials -- 3.3 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 4 Carbon Allotropes in Lead Removal -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) -- 4.3 Dimension-Based Types of Carbon Nanomaterials -- 4.4 Purification of Water Using Fullerenes -- 4.5 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Water Purification -- 4.6 Application of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Water Purification -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Carbon Allotropes in Nickel Removal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Carbon and Its Allotropes: As Remediation Technology for Ni -- 5.2.1 Nanotubes Based on Carbon -- 5.2.1.1 Overview -- 5.2.1.2 Features of CNTs -- 5.2.2 Fullerenes -- 5.2.3 Graphene -- 5.2.3.1 Overview -- 5.2.3.2 Properties -- 5.3 Removal of Ni in Wastewater by Use of Carbon Allotropes -- 5.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes for Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions -- 5.3.2 Ni Adsorption From Aqueous Solutions on Composite Material of MWCNTs -- 5.3.3 GR and GO-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Ni -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Carbon-Based Allotropes -- 6.2.1 Graphene -- 6.2.2 Graphite -- 6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes -- 6.2.4 Glassy Carbon (GC) -- 6.3 Molybdenum Disulfide -- 6.3.1 Synthesis of MoS2 -- 6.3.2 Physical Methods -- 6.3.3 Chemical Methods -- 6.3.4 Properties -- 6.4 Application of MoS2 -- 6.4.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) -- 6.4.2 Catalyst. |
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6.4.3 Desalination -- 6.4.4 Lubrication -- 6.4.5 Sensor -- 6.4.6 Electroanalytical -- 6.4.7 Biomedical -- 6.5 Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Allotropes in Wastewater Treatment -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Carbon Allotropes in Other Metals (Cu, Zn, Fe etc.) Removal -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Carbon-Allotropes: Synthesis Methods, Applications and Future Perspectives -- 7.3 Reaffirmations of Heavy Metal Contaminations in Water and Their Toxic Effects -- 7.3.1 Copper -- 7.3.2 Zinc -- 7.3.3 Lead -- 7.3.4 Cadmium -- 7.3.5 Arsenic -- 7.4 Technology is Used to Treat Heavy Ions of Metal -- 7.4.1 Chemical Precipitation -- 7.4.2 Ion-Exchange -- 7.4.3 Adsorption -- 7.4.4 Membrane Filtration -- 7.4.5 Electrodialysis -- 7.4.6 Flotation -- 7.4.7 Electrochemical Treatment -- 7.4.8 Electroflotation -- 7.4.9 Coagulation and Flocculation -- 7.5 Factors Influencing How Heavy Metal Ions Adhere to CNTs -- 7.5.1 pH -- 7.5.2 Ionic Strength -- 7.5.3 CNT Dosage -- 7.5.4 Contact Time -- 7.5.5 Temperature -- 7.5.6 Thermodynamic Variables -- 7.5.7 CNT Regeneration -- 7.5.8 Isotherm Equation -- 7.5.9 Current Issues and the Need for Additional Study -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Carbon Allotropes in Phenolic Compounds Removal -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Carbon Materials in Phenol Removal -- 8.2.1 Activated Carbon -- 8.2.2 Graphene -- 8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes -- 8.2.4 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide -- 8.2.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride -- 8.2.6 Carbon Materials in the Biodegradation of Phenols -- 8.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Importance of Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 9.2 Main Part -- 9.2.1 Polymer-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing. |
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9.2.2 Graphene-Aerogels-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 9.3 Functionalized Graphene-Based Carbon Allotropes in Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Carbon Allotropes in Air Purification -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Historical and Chemical Properties of Some Designated Carbon-Based Allotropes -- 10.3 Structure and Characteristics of Carbon Allotropes -- 10.4 Uses of Carbon Nanotube Filters for Removal of Air Pollutants -- 10.5 Physicochemical Characterization of CNTs -- 10.6 TiO2 Nanofibers in a Simulated Air Purifier Under Visible Light Irradiation -- 10.7 Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (PVP) -- 10.8 VOCs -- 10.9 Heavy Metals -- 10.10 Particulate Matter (PM) -- 10.11 Techniques to Remove Air Pollutants and Improve Air Treatment Efficiency -- 10.12 Removal of NOX by Photochemical Oxidation Process -- 10.13 Chemically Adapted Nano-TiO2 -- 10.14 Alternative Nanoparticulated System -- 10.15 Photodegradation of NOX Evaluated for the ZnO-Based Systems -- 10.16 Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes -- 10.17 Mechanism of Technologies -- 10.18 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Carbon Allotropes in Waste Decomposition and Management -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Management Methods for Waste -- 11.2.1 Landfilling -- 11.2.2 Incineration -- 11.2.3 Mechanical Recycling -- 11.2.3.1 Downcycling Method -- 11.2.3.2 Upcycling Method -- 11.3 Process of Pyrolysis: Waste Management to the Synthesis of Carbon Allotropes -- 11.4 Synthesis Methods to Produce Carbon-Based Materials From Waste Materials -- 11.4.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis -- 11.4.2 Batch Pyrolysis-Catalysis -- 11.4.3 CVD Method -- 11.4.4 Pyrolysis-Deposition Followed by CVD -- 11.4.5 Thermal Decomposition -- 11.4.6 Activation Techniques -- 11.4.6.1 Physical Activation Technique -- 11.4.6.2 Chemical Activation Technique. |
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11.5 Use of Waste Materials for the Development of Carbon Allotropes -- 11.5.1 Synthesis of CNTs Using Waste Materials -- 11.5.2 Synthesis of Graphene Using Waste Materials -- 11.6 Applications for Carbon-Based Materials -- 11.6.1 CNTs -- 11.6.2 Graphene -- 11.6.3 Activated Carbon -- 11.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Carbon Allotropes in a Sustainable Environment -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes -- 12.2.1 Covalent Functionalization -- 12.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization -- 12.3 Developments of Carbon Allotropes and Their Applications -- 12.4 Carbon Allotropes in Sustainable Environment -- 12.5 Carbon Allotropes Purification Process in the Treatment of Wastewater -- 12.5.1 Fullerenes -- 12.5.2 Bucky Paper Membrane (BP) -- 12.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 12.5.3.1 CNT Adsorption Mechanism -- 12.5.3.2 CNTs Ozone Method -- 12.5.3.3 CNTs-Fenton-Like Systems -- 12.5.3.4 CNTs-Persulfates Systems -- 12.5.3.5 CNTs-Ferrate/Permanganate Systems -- 12.5.4 Graphene -- 12.6 Removal of Various Pollutants -- 12.6.1 Arsenic -- 12.6.2 Drugs and Pharmaceuticals -- 12.6.3 Heavy Metals -- 12.6.4 Pesticides and Other Pest Controllers -- 12.6.5 Fluoride -- 12.7 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Adsorption -- 12.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- Chapter 13 Carbonaceous Catalysts for Pollutant Degradation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Strategies to Develop Carbon-Based Material -- 13.3 Advantages of Carbon-Based Metal Nanocomposites -- 13.4 Methods for the Development of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites -- 13.5 Carbon-Based Photocatalyst -- 13.5.1 Fullerene (C60) -- 13.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes -- 13.5.3 Graphene -- 13.5.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 13.5.5 Diamond -- 13.6 Applications -- 13.6.1 Dye Degradation -- 13.6.2 Organic Transformation -- 13.6.3 NOx Removal -- 13.7 Factors Affecting Degradation -- 13.7.1 Radiation. |
| Subject |
Composite materials.
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Bioremediation -- Materials.
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Composites. |
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Biorestauration -- Matériaux. |
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composite material. |
|
Composite materials |
| Added Author |
Verma, Chandrabhan, editor.
|
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Hussain, Chaudhery Mustansar, editor.
|
| Other Form: |
Print version: 1394166508 9781394166503 (OCoLC)1347019705 |
| ISBN |
9781394167913 electronic book |
|
9781394167906 electronic book |
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1394167903 electronic book |
|
1394167911 electronic book |
|
hardcover |
|
hardcover |
| Standard No. |
10.1002/9781394167913 doi |
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